Inference for estimates of treatment effects with clustered data requires great care when treatment is assigned at the group level. This is true for both pure treatment models and difference-in-differences regressions. Even when the number of clusters is quite large, cluster-robust standard errors can be much too small if the number of treated (or control) clusters is small. Standard errors also tend to be too small when cluster sizes vary a lot, resulting in too many false positives. Bootstrap methods generally perform better than t-tests, but they can also yield very misleading inferences in some cases.
QED Working Paper Number
1387
CRVE
grouped data
clustered data
panel data
wild cluster bootstrap
difference-in-differences
DiD regression
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